Echelon Neuron Instrukcja Użytkownika Strona 48
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Oceniono. / 5. Na podstawie oceny klientów
• For the value pi (π), you can use the following approximation: 355/113
(3.1415929203…), which has an error relative to pi of 8.5 * 10
-8
.
• To multiply two unsigned long integers, you can use the _mul16 system
function.
• To calculate (a*b)/c with a 32-bit intermediate result, you can use the
standard Neuron C muldiv() function:
unsigned long muldiv(unsigned long a,
unsigned long b,
unsigned long c);
• You can use general-purpose pointer registers for general 16-bit values,
not just for pointer values.
Thus, one possible algorithm for the carea function is:
carea := π * r
2
= π * r * r
= 355 * r * r / 113
= (355 * r) * r / 113
which becomes:
carea = muldiv(355*r, r, 113)
which finally becomes:
carea = muldiv(_mul16(355, r), r, 113)
The proposed solution uses a fixed-point approximation for pi (355/133), and a
combination of the _mul16 and muldiv() library functions. To translate the
solution into Neuron assembly instructions, read the algorithm from right to left:
1. Push the unsigned long value of 133 onto the stack.
2. Push the unsigned long radius value onto the stack. This value is the
carea function’s argument.
3. Push the unsigned long radius value onto the stack again.
4. Push the unsigned long constant 355 onto the stack.
5. Call the _mul16 function.
6. Call the muldiv() function.
The Neuron assembly implementation of this function is shown below:
IMPORT _mul16 ; (a(2), b(2) -- (a*b)(2))
IMPORT muldiv ; (a(2), b(2), c(2) -- (a*b/c)(2))
PIFACTOR EQU d’355
PIDIVISOR EQU d’113
; PIFACTOR/PIDIVISOR = PI = 3.14159…
SCRATCH16 EQU 0 ; 16-bit scratch register
%carea APEXP ; (r(2) -- (pi*r*r)(2))
; save r(2) to SCRATCH16 and put PIDIVISOR in place:
popd [SCRATCH16] ; ()
pushd #PIDIVISOR ; (piDiv(2))
; restore radius twice:
38 Writing a Neuron Assembly Utility Function
- Neuron Assembly 1
- Language Reference 1
- Welcome 3
- Audience 3
- Related Documentation 3
- Table of Contents 5
- Introduction 11
- Neuron Assembler Tools 13
- Command Usage 14
- NAS Command Switches 14
- Neuron Librarian Tool 15
- Assembler Files 16
- Source Files 16
- Naming Convention 16
- File Format 17
- Output Files 17
- Assembly Instructions 19
- Operands 20
- Literal Constants 20
- Symbols 21
- Expressions 21
- Constant Expressions 23
- Comments 24
- Assembler Directives 24
- Assembly Programming 25
- Neuron Architecture 26
- CPU Registers 27
- General-Purpose Registers 28
- Pointer Registers 29
- Flag Register 31
- Instruction Pointer 31
- Data Stack 32
- Return Stack 33
- Stack Manipulation 34
- Segments 35
- Using Neuron Chip Memory 36
- Chips with Off-Chip Memory 36
- Chips with Auto-tuned Memory 39
- Addressing Modes 40
- Immediate 40
- Absolute 40
- Implicit 41
- Pointer Direct 41
- Indirect Relative 41
- Indirect Indexed 42
- DSP Relative 42
- BP Relative 43
- BP Indexed 43
- Indirect 43
- Relative 43
- Function 45
- Stack-Effect Comments 51
- Multi-Byte Values 51
- Pointer Values 51
- Conditional Values 51
- Showing the Return Stack 52
- Integrating the Program 52
- Assembling the Program 53
- Linking the Program 54
- Debugging the Program 54
- Interfacing with a Neuron C 57
- Application 57
- Overview 58
- Naming Conventions 58
- Function Parameters 58
- Calling Conventions 59
- Data Representation 61
- Structures and Unions 62
- Bitfields 62
- Neuron Assembly Language 69
- Instruction Statements 69
- ADC (Add with Carry) 74
- ADD (Add) 75
- ADD_R (Add and Return) 76
- ALLOC (Allocate) 77
- AND (And) 78
- AND_R (And and Return) 79
- BR (Branch) 80
- BRC (Branch If Carry) 81
- BRF (Branch Far) 82
- BRNC (Branch If Not Carry) 83
- BRNEQ (Branch If Not Equal) 84
- BRNZ (Branch If Not Zero) 86
- BRZ (Branch If Zero) 87
- CALL (Call Near) 88
- CALLF (Call Far) 89
- CALLR (Call Relative) 90
- DEC (Decrement) 94
- DIV (Divide) 95
- DROP (Drop from Stack) 96
- INC (Increment) 98
- Done 99
- MUL (Multiply) 100
- NOP (No Operation) 101
- NOT (Not) 102
- OR (Or) 103
- OR_R (Or and Return) 104
- POP (Pop from Stack) 105
- ] DA 2 7 None 106
- ] D9 2 7 None 106
- ] DB 2 7 None 107
- POPD (Pop Pointer Direct) 110
- Return Stack) 111
- PUSH (Push onto Stack) 112
- PUSH [1][offset] 113
- 98 2 7 None 114
- ] 99 2 7 None 114
- ] 9A 2 7 None 114
- ] 9B 2 7 None 114
- PUSHD (Push Pointer Direct) 117
- Data Stack) 119
- PUSHS (Push Short) 120
- RET (Return from Call) 121
- SBC (Subtract with Carry) 124
- SBR (Short Branch) 125
- SBRZ (Short Branch If Zero) 129
- SHL (Shift Left) 131
- SHR (Shift Right) 133
- SUB (Subtract) 135
- XCH (Exchange) 137
- XOR (Exclusive Or) 138
- Neuron Assembler Directives 141
- ELSE (Conditional Assembly) 147
- END (Assembly Control) 148
- ENDIF (Conditional Assembly) 149
- EQU (Equate Symbol) 150
- ERROR (Conditional Assembly) 151
- EXPORT (Export Symbol) 152
- IF (Conditional Assembly) 153
- IFDEF (Conditional Assembly) 154
- INCLUDE (Assembly Control) 157
- LIBRARY (Include Library) 158
- LIST (Listing Control) 160
- NOLIST (Listing Control) 161
- ORG (Segment Control) 162
- PAGE (Listing Control) 163
- RADIX (Default Radix) 164
- RESOURCE (Resource Control) 166
- SEG (Segment Control) 167
- SUBHEAD (Listing Control) 168
- System-Provided Functions 169
- Overview of the Functions 170
- _add16 (Add, 16 Bit) 171
- _add16s (Add Signed, 16 Bit) 171
- -- value(2)+offset) 172
- _and16 (And, 16 Bit) 173
- _dec16 (Decrement, 16 Bit) 173
- _div16 (Divide, 16 Bit) 174
- _div8 (Divide, 8 Bit) 175
- _get_sp (Get Stack Pointer) 179
- _inc16 (Increment, 16 Bit) 179
- _less16 (Less Than, 16 Bit) 184
- _less8 (Less Than, 8 Bit) 184
- _log8 (Logical Value, 8 Bit) 185
- Bits to 16 Bits) 187
- Converts 8 Bits to 16 Bits) 187
- _max8 (Maximum Value, 8 Bit) 189
- _memcpy (Copy Memory) 190
- _memset (Set Memory) 190
- _memset1 (Set Memory at P0) 191
- _min8 (minimum Value, 8 Bit) 192
- _mod8 (Modulo, 8 Bit) 193
- _mul16 (Multiply, 16 Bit) 193
- _mul8 (Multiply, 8 Bit) 194
- _not16 (Not, 16 Bit) 196
- _or16 (Or, 16 Bit) 197
- 16 Bit) 198
- Offset, 16 Bit) 198
- -- value, …, value, …) 199
- NEXT, 16 Bit) 200
- _sub16 (Subtract, 16 Bit) 203
- Neuron Assembly Instructions 205
- Listed by Mnemonic 205
- Instructions by Mnemonic 206
- Listed by Hexadecimal Opcode 217
- Instructions by Opcode 218
- 1 2 7 224
- Reserved Keywords 229
- Keywords 230
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